In cities across the country, rental prices often rise faster than wages, creating a housing gap that's hard to bridge. Finding affordable housing can be challenging for many people, especially those with low incomes. For these individuals and families, the need for affordable housing isn't just about having a place to sleep at night; it's about having a stable base as they work toward improving their lives.

The process of finding affordable housing often requires assistance and support – be it financial, educational, or legislative. That's why resources such as public housing are so important.

What Is Public Housing?

Public housing in the United States is a valuable resource for low-income households, providing them with safe, affordable housing. The program is administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and local public housing agencies responsible for operating and maintaining the properties. 

Residents are selected through a lottery or waiting list process, with priority given to households that meet certain income criteria and other factors such as being veterans, elderly, or disabled. Rent is determined based on the tenant's income, making it affordable for low-income households. 

Who Is Eligible for Public Housing?

Eligibility for public housing is determined by the local public housing agency that operates and manages the properties in a specific area. The PHA will determine the applicant's eligibility based on income, citizenship, and family size. 

Generally, the following groups are eligible to apply for public housing: 

• Households with incomes at or below 80% of the area median income

• Families

• Elderly individuals

• Disabled individuals 

• U.S. citizens and legal non-citizen residents with eligible immigration status. 

The PHA will also consider eviction history and criminal background when determining public housing eligibility. Some PHAs may prioritize veterans or working families who have been displaced from their homes due to natural disasters or other circumstances. 

It's always a good idea to check with your local PHA to get detailed and accurate information on your area's specific eligibility criteria, application process and waitlist status. 

How Do I Qualify for Public Housing?

The process for applying for public housing assistance can vary depending on the PHA, but generally, you will need to complete an application and provide the following information: 

• Proof of income, such as pay stubs, tax returns, or other documents that show your current income

• Proof of citizenship or legal non-citizen status

• Information about your family size and composition

• Information about other assets and resources, such as savings or investments

• Information about your current living situation, such as whether you are currently renting or living with friends or family

The PHA will use the documentation provided on your application to determine your eligibility for public housing assistance. If you are found to be eligible, your name will be placed on a waiting list, and you will be notified when a unit becomes available. 

It's important to note that the demand for public housing assistance often exceeds the number of available units, so there may be a waiting list for assistance. The wait times can vary depending on the location and the number of people on the waiting list. 

It's best to check with your local PHA for more detailed information about its application process and waitlist status. 

Where Do I Apply for Public Housing?

To apply for public housing, you need to contact your local public housing agency to see if they have open waiting lists. Each PHA has its own application process and individual requirements. Applications are typically filled out in person, but some PHAs may also allow online applications. 

Once you've submitted your application, it will be reviewed for eligibility. If eligible, you will typically be placed on a waiting list. The waiting period will vary for each housing authority and may be affected by numerous factors such as the availability of units, the number of applicants, and local housing needs. If a unit becomes available and you're next on the list, the PHA will contact you to move forward with leasing procedures.

Why Would Someone Be Denied Public Housing?

Not everyone who applies for public housing assistance will be accepted. Here are several reasons why an application for public housing may be denied:

Over Income Limit

Public housing is designed for people with low income. If the family's income is above the limits established by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, they may be denied.

Criminal History

HUD allows public housing authorities to deny applicants with certain types of criminal history. This can include violent crimes, drug-related offenses, or any other criminal behavior that could threaten other residents' health, safety, or right to peaceful enjoyment of the premises.

Previous Evictions

If an applicant or any member of their household has been evicted from federally assisted housing in the last five years for drug-related criminal activity, they may be denied public housing.

Failure To Meet Obligations

Applicants who have previously lived in public housing and failed to meet their obligations, such as paying rent on time, maintaining the unit, or complying with the lease, may be denied. This also applies if they still owe rent or other amounts to the housing authority in connection with Section 8 programs.

Immigration Status

For an individual to be eligible, they must be a U.S. citizen (or U.S. national) or have eligible immigration status. Families that include eligible and ineligible individuals may be granted prorated assistance, meaning the assistance would cover only eligible family members.

Other Reasons

Other possible reasons for denial could include a poor rental history (such as damaging property or not paying rent), misrepresentation or falsification of information on the application, or failure to sign consent forms.

How Is Public Housing Funded?

Public housing in the United States is largely funded through a combination of federal, state, and local funding sources. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development is the primary federal agency responsible for the oversight and funding of public housing. HUD allocates funds to local Public Housing Authorities, which are then responsible for the administration and distribution of these funds to manage public housing in their respective jurisdictions. 

Funding levels are determined by Congress and can vary year by year. Local funding may also be provided by city or county governments, particularly for infrastructure improvements. However, public housing has often faced funding shortages over the years, leading to maintenance issues and long waiting lists for eligible families.

What Challenges Do Applicants Face When Applying for Public Housing?

Applicants can face several challenges when applying for public housing. One of the most significant challenges is the long wait times. Due to high demand and limited supply, eligible applicants may spend months or even years on waiting lists before they are offered a unit. Navigating the application process can also be complex and time-consuming, particularly for individuals with limited resources or language barriers. 

Applicants must also gather extensive documentation, which can be a hurdle for those lacking stable living situations. Additionally, individuals with certain criminal histories or past evictions may face eligibility barriers, even if they meet the income and residency requirements.

How Does Public Housing Impact Local Communities?

Public housing has a multifaceted impact on local communities. On the positive side, it provides affordable housing to people struggling to secure it. This can lead to greater stability in the community, support local economies by freeing up resident income for other needs, and foster diversity. 

However, public housing can have negative impacts if not properly managed. Concentrations of poverty, crime, and under-maintenance of housing units can contribute to neighborhood instability and lower property values. PHAs and local governments must work together to ensure that public housing is a force for positive community development.

What Is the State of Public Housing Infrastructure?

The state of public housing infrastructure varies widely across the country, largely due to funding constraints and the age of buildings. In many places, public housing units have suffered from chronic underfunding, leading to a backlog of maintenance issues such as plumbing and electrical problems, structural issues, and outdated heating and cooling systems. 

This backlog has led to a call for substantial investments in public housing infrastructure to address these issues and modernize units and make them more energy-efficient. Despite these challenges, there are also examples of well-maintained public housing that provides quality living conditions for its residents.

What Policies Govern Public Housing?

Public housing in the United States is primarily governed by federal laws and regulations, most notably the U.S. Housing Act of 1937 and its subsequent amendments.

Where Can I Find Open Public Housing Waiting Lists?

Public housing is an important component of the social safety net that ensures our most vulnerable citizens have a safe and affordable place to call home. Despite facing significant challenges such as long wait times, public housing programs continue to serve millions of Americans in need. 

If you or someone you know is navigating the often challenging path toward securing public housing, let HUD Housing List help. Visit our Public Housing Waiting List database to find an open waiting list in your area.